Emerald upgraded from Meishi to jade thanks to Qianlong

Some scholars believe that China has used jade in the Han Dynasty, but the jadeite in the Han Dynasty is still uncertain. There are a large number of records about the jade in the court archives of the Qing Dynasty, and they are more common in the archives of the office of the Qing government. These records mainly refer to jade. It was learned from the archives that the jadeite entered the court of the Qing Dynasty no later than Qing Emperor Yongzheng (1733), and the jadeite works with the year of manufacture were discovered as the first artifacts of the Qianlong period.

There are hundreds of pieces of jadeites in the Qing Palace.

Jadeite is a kind of pyroxene mineral, the main component is sodium aluminosilicate (NaAl[Si2O6]). The French mineralogist Demur called it jadeite, which is called jadeite. Some scholars call it Hui Shi Yu. Jadeite has a hardness of 6.5-7.1 degrees Mohs and a specific gravity of 3.3, mainly produced in Myanmar.

The colors of jadeite are green, red, purple, black, yellow, white, green and their mixed colors. Green is called green, contains chrome, red is called strontium, contains iron oxide, and purple is called violet. Fresh and heavy are especially expensive.

The Palace Museum houses hundreds of old jadeite wares in the Qing Palace, ranking first in the world museum. Among these collections, there are very few Qing dynasty dynasties, and the Qianlong period gradually increased. Among them, Shanzi, Xiaosheng carving, Zhaozhu, and fingers, which are used for decoration, may be the products of Qianlong and even Jiaqing. In the late Qing Dynasty, the emeralds made by the cicadas were mostly flat, enamel, ring, bracelet and other flower jewellery.

The Qing Dynasty old jade can be divided into 9 categories, namely, furnishings, utensils, accessories, books, rituals, gods, wenwan, utensils, mosaics. The main varieties are concentrated in the furnishings, utensils, and accessories. Jadeite is used as a new jade material in the Qing Dynasty as a daily necessities. Of course, some of them also involve the court system, such as the use of the court, the coffin, the treasure, etc., but they have not entered the ceremony and sacrifice occasions. It is rarely used in bookkeeping systems such as book treasures, rituals, and gods, which are related to the dignity of the court. This reflects the status and role of jade in the court life from one side.

Most of the Qing emeralds are old pits

The origins of the jadeite products in the Qianjia period include Tengchong, Dali, and Kunming in Yunnan, and the jade workshops of Jinting and Jinyu, as well as the weaving and salt administration of Suzhou and Yangzhou. The artifacts of this period were the essence of the jadeite products of the Qing Dynasty, and they played an important role in the ancient jade products. In the late Qing Dynasty, the place where the jade products were made may be Guangdong, Huaiguan and other places. At this time, the gold jade works of the founding office have been unable to produce jade works.

Judging from the texture grade of the Qing Dynasty Jadeite Cui, most of them are old pits and green jade materials, but there are very few “pure greens” that are full of green, especially the watery feet, glass grounds, and bright greens are rare. At first sight, it can only be found from the small pieces of accessories. There are more speckled greens in the white, and there are a group of green-free white-green. The Antiquities Exhibition Hall and the Palace Museum called Cui as "Jade", occasionally known as jade. Inferior Cui called Cui Genzi, the original inheritance of the original name is still called "Yunyu", and some of the yellow signs are called "green jade".

The price of jadeite recorded by Ji Yun

In Ji Yun's "Reading the Micro-Cao Tang Notes" volume 16 has such a paragraph: "Yunnan jade jade, not at that time as a jade, but such as Lantian dry yellow, strong name to Yu ear. Today thinks that Jane play, far away Out of the real jade... Covered by fifty or six decades, the price is different, the hundreds of years apart."

This passage reflects the rise in the value of jade in the capital from the late Qing Emperor Qianlong to the early Jiaqing period. It is a rare and valuable resource. Ji Yan was in Jiaqing 10 years (1805), and "Reading the Micro-Caotang Notes" became the fifty-seventh year of Emperor Qianlong (1792). According to Ji Yun, Yunnan jade jade has spread in Kyoto for 50 or 60 years. This is the year from the early years of Qianlong to the time of its writing. In the case of Emperor Qianlong I, the jadeite was promoted from jade to jade. The price was climbed from the pretty blue field and surpassed the white fat jade. The rapid development trend is amazing, and it is unprecedented in the history of ancient and modern jade.

Late Qing Dynasty court love jade

The existing archives of the Qing dynasty and the remaining objects can prove that the jadeite was cherished by the Empress Dowager Cixi in the inner court of the late Qing Dynasty. Afterwards, many of the flats, enamels, pendants, rings, bracelets and other ornaments are made of the top grade jade. The portrait of the American female painter Catherine Carr in the portrait of Cixi is the crest bracelet. The Empress Dowager Cixi obtained the jade tribute from various customs, weaving and other tips with its power. At that time, the inner court called the jadeite a "green jade." There are such records in the Qing dynasty archives: the palace passes the Huai'an Pass to handle the "green jade bamboo-style bracelets three pairs, the green jade double-height ear dig spoon type long long ç°ª one, the green jade double-height ear dig spoon type long ç°ª six Two pairs of green jade double-height pliers, these four 17 pieces of green jade work together share the silver 39994 two. After the death of Cixi, a large number of jadeites were also buried. For example, the jade watermelon, emerald melon, and jade cabbage, all of which are popular, are all beautiful and beautiful. The goodness of the palace still affected the use of jade by the people at that time. In the jade market, the share of jadeite was growing, and it was loved by gentry, ladies and wealthy businessmen.

Process standard

In the fifteenth year of Guangxu reign (1889), connoisseur and collector Tang Rongzhen accepted the invitation of the British Embassy in China, Mr. Bush, on behalf of the London Museum to write "Jade Theory." Among them, the jade is a self-contained section, and the evaluation is quite detailed. It is the first person to be a connoisseur of the Qing Dynasty and a collector who can correctly understand jade and publicly introduce jade. Tang Rongzhen emphasized that the jade carving sculpt is a necessary condition for displaying the intrinsic beauty of jade, so three technical standards were proposed:

1. The general requirement is “grinding and honing”, and “grinding” refers to the whole process of jade carving. The jade craftsmanship is the same as the jade craftsmanship. It is done by turning the cookware one turn and one grind, and the works that are honed and curated are required to achieve the artistic effect of moisturizing and crystal.

2, the color of the process standard is "color to light and more beautiful." In order to show the emerald crystal of the emerald green, it is necessary to use the power of the "light" to make it shiny and lustrous, and the color is infiltrated, and its color is more beautiful. This is entirely the aesthetic standard of connoisseurs.

3. The standard of workmanship is “the work is skillful and precious”, which means that the workmanship is skillful, and the jade person is required to run through a “smart” character in the whole process of crushing the jadeite material, so that the craftsmanship is more and more precious. This is also the requirement of the expert.

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